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¡@¡@Andes Cheng¦^ÂСuPhysiological mechanisms causing increased strength (Neural factors)¡GIt has become clear that a portion of the gains in strength that occurs with training, especially early in a program, is due to neural adaptations and not an enlargement of muscle. The neural adaptations related to learning, coordination, and the ability to recruit prime movers play a major role in the gain in strength(Powers & Howley,2001.p253-254)¡C¥Ñ¦¹Æ[¤§¡A¦b°V½mªì´Á¡A¥Ñ©ó¦Ù¤O°V½m³y¦¨motor unit¯«¸g¶Ç¾É¤Wªº¾AÀ³¡A¦]¦¹¡A°V½m¥kÁu®É¦P®É³y¦¨°V½m®ÄªGªºÂಾ¡A¥ªÁuªº¦Ù¤OÀH¤§´£ª@¡C¦ý¶·ª`·Nªº¬O¡A¦¹²{¶H¶È¤î©ó°V½mªì´Á¡Aº¸«áªº¦Ù¤O¼W¶i¡A¤´»Ý³z¹L¦ÙÅÖºûªÎ¤jªº¾AÀ³²{¶H¡A¦Ó´£°ª¦Ù¦×§@¥\¯à¤O¡C¡v
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¡@¡@Shieldsµ¥¤H(1999)±N24¦W¥§¡¦~ÄÖ26.2·³ªº¨k©Ê¨ü¸ÕªÌ¡A¤À¦¨¥|²Õ¶i¦æ¤»¶g¤£¦P¤è¦¡ªº¥k¤â´¤¤O@¤O°V½m¡A¤@²Õ¨ü¸ÕªÌ¥H30%³Ì¤j¦Û¥Dµ¥ªø¦¬ÁY´¤¤O(maximal voluntary isometric contraction for the handgrip force)¶i¦æ¸`«µ©Êªº@¤O°V½m¡A¤@²Õ¨ü¸ÕªÌ¥H30%³Ì¤j¦Û¥Dµ¥ªø¦¬ÁY´¤¤O¶i¦æµ¥ªø¦¬ÁY°V½m¡A¤@²Õ¨ü¸ÕªÌ¥H³Ì¤j¦Û¥Dµ¥ªø¦¬ÁY´¤¤O¶i¦æ@¤O°V½m¡A³Ì«á¤@²Õ«h¥H´X¥G¨S¦³t²üªº«¶q¶i¦æ@¤O°V½m¡C¬ã¨sµ²ªGµo²{¡A¨ü¸ÕªÌªº¥ª¤â´¤¤Oªº°V½m¥æ¤e¾E²¾®ÄªG¡A¨Ã¤£·|¨ü¨ì¥k¤â´¤¤O°V½m®Éªº±j«×¼vÅT¡C¤]´N¬O»¡¡A³z¹L°V½m¥æ¤e¾E²¾¤è¦¡¶i¦æ¹ïºÙ³¡¦ìªº¦Ù¤O°V½m®É¡A¥i¥H¤£¥Î¦Ò¼{¨ì°V½mªº±j«×¡C
¡@¡@Mahler(1995)«h±N24¦W°·±dªº¤j¾Ç¨k¾Ç¥Í¡A¥§¡¤À°t¨ì±±¨î²Õ¡Bµ¥³tÂ÷¤ß°V½m²Õ(single-limb isokinetic eccentric training)¡B¥H¤Îµ¥³t¦V¤ß°V½m²Õ(single-limb isokinetic concentric training)¡A¦b¤¶gªºªº°V½m¤¤¡A¨C¦¸°V½m¥]§t»L³¡¨â²Õ¨C¬í60«×»P¨â²Õ¨C¬í120«×ªº¤£¦Pµ¥³t°V½m¤º®e¡C¬ã¨sµ²ªGµo²{¡Aµ¥³tÂ÷¤ß°V½m²Õªº°V½m»L»P«D°V½m»Lªº¦Ù¤O¼W¥[¤F11%»P9.6%¡Aµ¥³t¦V¤ß°V½m²Õªº°V½m»L»P«D°V½m»Lªº¦Ù¤O¼W¥[¤F9.8%»P8.6%¡C¦ü¥G¥Hµ¥³tÂ÷¤ß°V½m²Õ¨ã³Æ¸û°ªªº°V½m¥æ¤e¾E²¾®ÄªG¡CHortobagyiµ¥¤H(1997)ªº¬ã¨s¤]µo²{12¶gªº³æ°¼¦Ù¤O°V½m¡AÂ÷¤ß¦¡¦Ù¤O°V½m¹ï©ó¥æ¤e¾E²¾ªº®ÄªG¤ñ¦V¤ß¦¡¦Ù¤O°V½mÁÙ¨Óªº¦n¡C
¡@¡@Shima(2002)§Q¥Î¦Ù¹q¹Ïªº¤èªkµû¶q¨¬I¦¬ÁY¦Ù¸s(plantar flexor muscles)¦Ù¤Oªº¾Ç²ß¾E²¾»P°±¤î°V½mªºì¦]¡C¤»¶g¡B¨C¶g¥|¤Ñ¡B¨C¤Ñ¤T²Õ¡B¨C²Õ10¦Ü12¦¸¡B70%¦Ü75%1RMt²üªº°V½m¡A¥H¤Î³sÄò¤»¶gªº°±¤î°V½m«á¡Aµo²{¦Ù¤O°V½mªº¥æ¤e¾E²¾¥i¥H¸ÑÄÀ¬°¯«¸g¶Ç¾Éªº¼W¶i¡A¦ý¬O°±¤î°V½mªº¦Ù¤O¤U°²{¶H¡A«hµLªk¥Ñ¯«¸gªº¶Ç¾É¼vÅT¸ÑÄÀ¡C
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©P¥Û³Õ¤h¥ô±Ð©ó¿D¬wSouthern Cross University)«hµo²{¥|¶gªº65%ªº½¥Ãö¸`³Ì¤j¦Û¥D¦¬ÁY¤O¶q¦ù®i°V½m»P¹q¨ë¿E¡A¹ï©ó°V½m»Lªº½¥Ãö¸`¦ù¦Ù¦Ù¸s¨ã¦³¬Û¦üªº¦Ù¤O¼W¶i®ÄªG(¦bµ¥³t´ú¶q¾¹¤W¶i¦æ¨C¬í0«×(isometric)¡B¨C¬í60«×»P¨C¬í180«×ªºµ¥³t¦Ù¤O´ú¸Õ)¡A«D°V½m»Lªº½¥Ãö¸`¦ù¦Ù¦Ù¸sªº³Ì¤jµ¥ªø¦Û¥D¦¬ÁY¦Ù¤O(¨C¬í0«×)¤]¤À§O¼W¥[¤F21.4%»P21.1%¡A¦ý¬O¦b¨ä¥Lµ¥³t¦¬ÁY´úÅç¤Wªº¦Ù¤Oµ²ªG¡A¨Ã¨S¦³ÅãµÛªº¼W¶i¡C°w¹ï¹q¨ë¿E¤]·|¥X²{¥æ¤e¾E²¾ªº²{¶H¡A§óÃÒ©ú¤F¥æ¤e¾E²¾¥Dn¬O¦]¬°¯«¸g©Êªº¼W¶i®ÄªG©ÒP¡C
¡@¡@Bemben»PMurphy(2001)«h°w¹ï10¦W¥§¡¦~ÄÖ58.1·³ªº¦Ñ¦~¤k©Ê¨ü¸ÕªÌ¡A¥H¤Î10¦W¥§¡¦~ÄÖ20.8·³ªº¦~»´¤k©Ê¨ü¸ÕªÌ¡A¶i¦æ14¤Ñ¡B¨C¤Ñ¥|²Õ¡B¨C²Õ70%³Ì¤j¦Ù¤Oªº¥k¤â¨yÃö¸`¦±¦Ù°V½m¡A¬ã¨sµ²ªGµo²{¡A¥k°¼»P¥ª°¼ªº¨yÃö¸`³Ì¤jµ¥ªø¦¬ÁY¤O¶q¼W¥[¤F28%»P12%(¦Ñ¦~)¦Ü15%(¦~»´)¡A¤WÁuªºªº¾îÂ_±¿n(upper arm cross-sectional area)«h¨S¦³ÅãµÛªº§ïÅÜ¡AªÐ¤GÀY¦Ùªº¹q¦ì¬¡°Ê®Ä²v(efficiency of electrical activity)«o¤U°¤F12%¦Ü16%¡C³oÓ¬ã¨s¦A¦¸ÃÒ©ú¤F¡Aµu´Á(14¤Ñ)ªº³æ°¼¦Ù¤O°V½m¡A³y¦¨«D°V½m°¼¦Ù¤O¼W¥[ªºì¦]¡A¥Dn¨Ó¦Û©ó¹q¦ì¬¡°ÊªºÅܤơA¦Ù¦×ªº¾îÂ_±¿n¨Ã¨S¦³ÅãµÛªº§ïÅÜ¡C¬ã¨sµ²ªGÁÙµo²{¡A¦~ÄÖªº¦]¯À¨Ã¤£·|¼vÅT¨ì¦Ù¤O°V½mªº¥æ¤e¾E²¾®ÄªG¡C
¡@¡@¦pªGn¸Ô²Óªº¦^ÂÐ¥ý«eºô¤Í´£¥Xªº°ÝÃD¡A«Ü©úÅ㪺¡Aª½±µ°V½mªº®ÄªGÅãµM¤ñ¥æ¤e¾E²¾ªº®ÄªGÁÙ¨Óªº°ª¡A¦pªG¦]¬°¨ü¶Ë©Î¨ä¥L¯S®íªº¦]¯À¡A»Ýn¶i¤@¨B³z¹L¥æ¤e¾E²¾ªº¶¡±µ°V½m¤~¥i¥H¹F¦¨®É¡A¤~¦³¥²n¦Ò¼{¨ì¦Ù¤O°V½mªº¥æ¤e¾E²¾®ÄªG¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤â»P¸}ªº¦Ù¤O°V½m¥æ¤e¾E²¾®ÄªG¨Ã¨S¦³¬ã¨s¶i¦æ±´°Q¡A¦ü¥G¤â¸}ªº¥æ¤e¾E²¾²{¶H¦³È±o¶i¤@¨B¬ã¨sªº¥i¯à¡A¥i¬O¥H²{¦³ªº¸ê®Æ¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦ü¥G¥H¡u¯S®í©Ê¡vªº¥i¯à¸û°ª(¤â»P¸}¥i¯à¤£·|¦³¥æ¤e¾E²¾ªº®ÄªG)¡C
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Bemben, M. G., & Murphy, R. E. (2001). Age related neural adaptation following short term resistance training in women. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness.41(3),291-299.
Hortobagyi, T., Lambert, N. J., & Hill, J. P. (1997). Greater cross education following training with muscle lengthening than shortening. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.29(1),107-112.
Mahler, E. B. (1995). Cross-education following single-limb eccentric and concentric training on the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Microform Publications, Int'l Institute for Sport and Human Performance, University of Oregon.
Powers, S. K., & Howley, E. T. (2001). Exercise Physiology - Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.p253-254.
Shields, R. K., Leo, K. C., Messaros, A., & Somers, V. K. (1999) Effects of repetitive handgrip training on endurance, specificity, and cross-education. Physical Therapy,79(5),467-475.
Shima, N., Ishida, K., Katayama, K., Morotome, Y., Sato, Y., & Miyamura, M. (2002). Cross education of muscular strength during unilateral resistance training and detraining. European Journal of Applied Physiology,86(4),287-294.
Zhou, S., Oakman, A., & Davie, A. (2002). Effects of unilateral voluntary and electromyostimulation training on muscular strength of the contralateral limb. The Hong Kong Journal of Sports Medicine and Sports,14,1-10.